This comparison table highlights the theological and practical differences between the four major recognized branches of Judaism and Messianic Judaism, which is generally considered a form of Christianity by all mainstream Jewish groups.
Comparison Table: 2025 Jewish Movements
| Feature | Orthodox | Conservative | Reform | Reconstructionist | Messianic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin of Torah | Divine; literally the word of God | Divine roots but influenced by humans | Human document; divinely inspired | Evolution of Jewish "civilization" | Divine; includes the New Testament |
| Status of Jewish Law (Halakha) | Binding and unalterable | Binding but subject to evolution | Voluntary; personal choice | Non-binding "folkways" | Cultural choice; rejects Rabbinic authority |
| The Messiah | A human leader yet to come | A human leader or "Messianic Age" | A metaphorical "Messianic Age" | A symbol for human progress | Jesus (Yeshua) is the Messiah |
| View of Jesus | Historical figure; not the Messiah | Historical figure; not the Messiah | Historical figure or teacher | Human figure; not divine | Divine Son of God and Savior |
| Worship Language | Almost entirely Hebrew | Mostly Hebrew | Local language and Hebrew | Local language and Hebrew | Local language and Hebrew |
| Gender Roles | Traditionally separated (Mechitza) | Egalitarian; mixed seating | Egalitarian; mixed seating | Egalitarian; mixed seating | Varies by congregation |
| Recognition by other Jews | Considered the standard of tradition | Recognized as a branch of Judaism | Recognized as a branch of Judaism | Recognized as a branch of Judaism | Not recognized as Judaism |
Key Takeaways for 2025
- The "Big Four": Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist are all part of Rabbinic Judaism. They differ mainly on how they interpret the authority of the Torah and its laws in modern life.
- The Line of Exclusion: The most significant divide is between the first four and Messianic Judaism. Because Messianic Jews believe in Jesus as God/Messiah and include the New Testament in their canon, mainstream Judaism classifies them as Christian.
- Legal Status in Israel: While all four mainstream branches have members in Israel, the State of Israel generally does not grant "Right of Return" to Messianic Jews if they are considered to have joined another religion.
This comparison details the origins, halakha, views on the Messiah, and worship practices across Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist Judaism, noting Messianic Judaism's distinct theological stance.
As of 2025, calculating exact percentages for Jewish movements in is complex because the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) primarily tracks "religiosity" (Secular vs. Orthodox) rather than "denomination" (Reform vs. Conservative), which are more common in the US.
The table below reflects 2025 self-identification data among the Jewish population in Israel.
Comparison of Jewish Movements in Israel (2025)
| Movement | % of Israeli Jews | Primary View of Jesus | View of Torah & Law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Orthodox | ~23.4% – 50% | Historical figure; not the Messiah | Binding & Divine: Literal word of God |
| Conservative | ~2% | Historical figure; not the Messiah | Binding but Evolving: Divinely inspired |
| Reform | ~6% | Human teacher; not the Messiah | Voluntary: Ethical human document |
| Reconstructionist | <0.5% | Human figure; not the Messiah | Folkways: Evolving civilization |
| Messianic | ~0.3% – 0.4% | The Messiah and Son of God | Divine: Includes New Testament |
| Unaffiliated/Secular | ~43% – 50% | N/A | Varies; often cultural or atheistic |
Key Context for the Data:
- The Orthodox "Range": The higher estimate (50%) includes many secular or "Traditional" (Masorti) Israelis who do not belong to a synagogue but view Orthodoxy as the "authentic" form of Judaism. The lower estimate (~23.4%) refers to those who strictly self-identify as Religious Zionist (12%) or Ultra-Orthodox/Haredi (11.4%).
- Growth in Reform: For 2025, surveys indicate that Reform identification has doubled to 6%, up from 3% in previous years, reflecting a growing "thirst" for pluralistic options in Israel.
- Messianic Status: While Messianic Jews (est. 30,000) identify as Jewish, they are officially categorized by the state as "Others" or "Non-Arab Christians" and are not recognized as a Jewish movement by any of the other four groups
Reform and Reconstructionist Jews are NOT called Messianic Jews. In fact, these groups are mutually exclusive (互相排斥) in terms of religious identity and theological belief.
While the names sound similar because they both use the word "Messiah" or "Messianic," they refer to completely different concepts.
1. The Core Difference
- Messianic Jews: Believe that Jesus (Yeshua) is the Messiah. They combine Jewish cultural practices with Christian theology (such as the Trinity and salvation through Jesus).
- Reform & Reconstructionist Jews: Reject Jesus as the Messiah or as a divine figure. They consider belief in Jesus to be incompatible with Judaism.
2. Comparison Table (2025)
| Feature | Reform & Reconstructionist Judaism | Messianic Judaism |
|---|---|---|
| View of Jesus | A historical figure or teacher; not the Messiah | The Messiah and Son of God |
| View of Messiah | Often a metaphorical "Messianic Age" of peace brought by human effort | A personal savior who will return to rule |
| Religious Category | Formally recognized as Judaism | Generally categorized as a form of Christianity |
| Sacred Texts | Torah and Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) | Tanakh and the New Testament |
| Legal Status (Israel) | Recognized as Jews for immigration | Often denied the "Right of Return" if they converted |
3. Mutual Rejection
All major Jewish movements—including Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist—unanimously agree that Messianic Judaism is a form of Christianity, not a branch of Judaism.
- From the Jewish side: Mainstream Jews view Messianic Judaism as a "deceptive" attempt to convert Jews to Christianity.
- From the Messianic side: They view themselves as "completed Jews" who have found the true Messiah, whereas they see Reform and Reconstructionist views as having lost the core biblical expectation of a redeemer.
In short: If you call a Reform or Reconstructionist Jew a "Messianic Jew," they will likely be offended because it implies they believe in Jesus, which is exactly what they do not do.
These links compare the beliefs of Messianic Jews with Reform and Reconstructionist Jews, highlighting their mutual exclusivity and differing views on Jesus.
The differences between these movements center on their view of Halakha (Jewish law) and the origin of the Torah. While they all share a common history, they disagree on how much that history should dictate modern life.
1. Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is defined by its belief that the Torah (both Written and Oral) was given directly by God to Moses and is divine, eternal, and unalterable.
- Authority: Halakha (Jewish Law) is binding. Compliance with rituals like Shabbat (no driving or electricity) and Kashrut (kosher diet) is a religious obligation, not a choice.
- Worship: Services are conducted almost entirely in Hebrew. Men and women sit separately (separated by a mechitza).
- Role of Women: Traditionally, only men can be rabbis or lead certain parts of the service, though some Modern Orthodox communities are expanding these roles.
- The Messiah: Belief in a personal, human Messiah who will physically rebuild the Temple and bring world peace is a fundamental principle.
2. Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism views the Torah as a God-inspired human document that reflects the wisdom of its time but is not literally the word of God.
- Authority: Halakha is seen as a set of general guidelines rather than binding laws. Personal choice and individual conscience determine which rituals an individual observes.
- Worship: Services are often shorter, include more English (or the local language), and may use musical instruments like guitars.
- Equality: Fully egalitarian; men and women sit together, and women serve as rabbis and cantors.
- The Messiah: Most Reform Jews do not believe in a personal Messiah. Instead, they focus on Tikkun Olam (repairing the world) to usher in a "Messianic Age" of universal peace through human effort.
3. Reconstructionist Judaism
Founded in the 20th century by Mordecai Kaplan, this movement views Judaism as an evolving religious civilization rather than just a religion.
- Authority: Famous for the motto that "the past has a voice, but not a veto." Traditions are valued as "folkways" that bind the community together, but they are not seen as divine commands.
- Theology: Often more naturalistic; many Reconstructionists view "God" not as a being who intervenes in history, but as the power or process in the universe that makes for "salvation" (human flourishing).
- Focus: Strong emphasis on community democracy and social justice. Like Reform, it is fully egalitarian and supports LGBTQ+ inclusion.
- The Messiah: Rejects the idea of a personal Messiah entirely, viewing the concept as a symbol for human progress.
Summary Comparison Table (2025)
| Feature | Orthodox | Reform | Reconstructionist |
|---|---|---|---|
| Torah Origin | Divine / Literal word of God | Human / God-inspired | Evolution of Jewish civilization |
| Jewish Law | Binding and obligatory | Voluntary / Personal choice | Valuable "folkways" (voice, not veto) |
| Synagogue | Separate seating; Hebrew only | Mixed seating; local language | Mixed seating; emphasizes community |
| Messiah | A personal human redeemer | A metaphorical "Messianic Age" | A symbol for human progress |
| Core Value | Tradition and Law | Individual Autonomy | Community and Evolution |
To help you understand how these groups interact in daily life, I can prepare a comparison of how each movement handles major life events like marriage, conversion, or dietary laws. Would you like to see that?
Yes, traditional Judaism maintains the belief that the Messiah (Mashiach) has not yet come and is still expected in the future. This belief is a central tenet for Orthodox Jews, though views differ among other Jewish movements.
Core Beliefs
- Maimonides' 13 Principles of Faith: The expectation of the Messiah's arrival is formalized in Jewish law. The twelfth principle states: "I believe with complete faith in the coming of the Mashiach, and even though he may delay, nevertheless I anticipate every day that he will come".
- A Human Leader: In Judaism, the Messiah is not a divine or supernatural being, but a human male descendant of King David who will be a righteous and wise political leader. The Christian concept of Jesus as a divine Son of God is considered incompatible with Jewish theology's emphasis on God's absolute unity.
- Messianic Prophecies: Jews believe Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies outlined in the Hebrew Bible. The arrival of the Messiah is expected to be accompanied by specific, unfulfilled events, including:
- The gathering of all Jews to the Land of Israel.
- The rebuilding of the Third Temple in Jerusalem.
- The ushering in of a universal era of world peace, an end to all hatred, oppression, suffering, and disease, where "nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall man learn war anymore".
Diverse Views in Modern Judaism
While the expectation of a future Messiah is a core part of traditional (Orthodox and Conservative) Judaism, views vary in modern times:
- Orthodox Judaism: Adherents strictly await a personal Messiah and actively work and pray to hasten his arrival.
- Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism: Many in these movements have moved away from the idea of a personal Messiah figure. Instead, they focus on the concept of a "Messianic Age" (Olam Ha-Ba), a utopian era of peace and justice that humanity can bring about through collective human effort and social action (known as Tikkun Olam, or "repairing the world").
In practical terms, for many contemporary Jews, the belief in the Messiah is a background principle, rather than a daily preoccupation, but the hope for a perfected world remains central to the faith.
These articles explore traditional and modern Jewish beliefs about the Messiah's future arrival and the nature of the Messianic Age:
Since in judaism, the messiah is from the lineage of David, now that the lineage is not traceable, how would they know whether the anticipated messiah, should be arrived, it's the real messiah from the lineage of King David?
In Judaism, the identification of the Messiah (Mashiach) does not primarily rely on showing an ancient family tree or physical documentation. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, genealogical scrolls have been lost.
Rabbis and scholars use three main methods to identify the Messiah without these records:
1. Functional Proof (Action-Based Verification)
The most important rule in Jewish law (codified by Maimonides in his Mishneh Torah) is that the Messiah is identified by what he does, not just who his ancestors were.
- Presumptive Messiah: If a Jewish leader is a master of Torah, keeps the commandments, and influences Israel to follow the Torah, he is the presumptive Messiah.
- Certain Messiah: If that leader then succeeds in rebuilding the Third Temple in Jerusalem and gathering all Jews back to Israel, it becomes a "certainty" that he is the Messiah. If he accomplishes these tasks, his Davidic lineage is assumed as a matter of course.
2. Prophetic Revelation
According to tradition, the arrival of the Messiah will be preceded or accompanied by divine confirmation that bypasses the need for paperwork:
- Elijah the Prophet: Jewish tradition holds that Elijah will return to announce the Messiah and clarify his identity.
- The Spirit of Prophecy: Once the Messiah is established as king, he will be endowed with a "prophetic spirit" allowing him to identify and clarify the tribal lineage of all Jews, including his own.
3. Latent Lineage within the Jewish People
While individual trees are lost, Jewish scholars maintain that the Davidic line is not "extinct":
- Rabbinic Tradition: Many prominent rabbinic families (such as the descendants of Rashi or the Maharal of Prague) have strong traditions of Davidic descent.
- Genetic Probability: Given centuries of Jewish endogamy (marrying within the community), it is statistically likely that a vast majority of Jews today carry Davidic ancestry, even if it cannot be documented line-by-line.
Summary: The Messiah doesn't need to "prove" his lineage to get the job; he gets the job by fulfilling the prophecies, and the successful completion of those tasks is considered the ultimate proof of his identity.
I can prepare a checklist of the specific "Messianic Tasks" that Judaism requires a claimant to fulfill to be considered the real Messiah. Would you like to see that?
In Judaism, the Messiah (Mashiach) is not recognized by supernatural miracles, but by a specific "job description" of historical and political achievements.
According to Jewish law (halakha), as codified by the sage Maimonides in the 12th century, there are two stages of verification: presumptive (who he might be) and definite (who he actually is).
The Jewish Messianic Checklist
Phase 1: The Presumptive Messiah (Bechezkat Mashiach)
A person is initially considered a strong candidate if they meet these criteria:
- Davidic Lineage: He must be a male descendant of King David through his father's side.
- Torah Mastery: He must be a leader who is deeply versed in both the Written and Oral Torah.
- Religious Leadership: He must influence all of Israel to follow the Torah and "repair the breaches" in religious observance.
- The "Wars of God": He must fight the "battles of God," which is interpreted as leading the Jewish people against those who oppress them or prevent Torah observance.
Phase 2: The Definite Messiah (Mashiach Vadai)
A candidate is only certainly the Messiah if he successfully completes these specific tasks within his lifetime:
- Rebuild the Third Temple: He must physically build the Holy Temple in its proper place in Jerusalem.
- Ingathering of the Exiles: He must gather all Jews from the corners of the earth and return them to the Land of Israel.
- Global Peace: As you noted, he must usher in an era of universal peace, where "nation shall not lift up sword against nation".
- Universal Knowledge of God: He will lead the world to a state where everyone recognizes and serves the one true God, ending all idolatry and religious conflict.
Critical Differences from Other Beliefs
- No Second Coming: In Judaism, if a candidate dies before completing these tasks, it is proof that he was not the promised Messiah. There is no concept of a Messiah returning later to finish the job.
- No Supernatural Signs: Maimonides explicitly stated that the Messiah does not need to perform miracles, revive the dead, or change the laws of nature. He is a human leader who works within the natural order.
In summary, the Messiah’s identity is confirmed after he creates a perfect world of peace and Torah observance, not before.
Since the role of the Messiah is so tied to the land of Israel and the Temple, would you like me to find out about the current status of the Third Temple movement in Jerusalem today?
Why the judaism jews not bothered about building the 3rd temple?
Mainstream Judaism generally takes the position that building the Third Temple is not something they should actively pursue right now, due to a combination of theological requirements, the political impossibility of the location, and the evolution of the faith since the last Temple's destruction.
Here are the main reasons why most Jews are not "bothered" about building it today:
1. Theological and Halakhic (Jewish Law) Reasons
- It's the Messiah's Job: The predominant view among Orthodox rabbis is that the Third Temple should be built in the Messianic era, either by the Messiah himself or through divine providence. Attempting to force the building now would be seen as attempting to force God's hand or preempt the Messiah's arrival.
- Ritual Purity is Required: Jewish law requires a specific, high level of ritual purity to enter the Temple area and perform sacrifices. This purity can only be achieved through the ashes of a perfectly unblemished red heifer, a specific animal whose exact requirements are currently debated or missing. Without it, nearly all Jews today are considered ritually impure and forbidden from entering the holiest areas of the Temple Mount. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel has a standing ruling forbidding Jews from entering the Mount for this reason.
- Exact Location is Unknown: There is a debate among scholars about the precise spot on the Temple Mount where the Holy of HolHolies and the altar must be built. Jewish law demands it be in the exact right spot, and without prophetic guidance (which is currently lacking), they risk building it incorrectly, which would be worse than not building it at all.
- Judaism Has Evolved: Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Judaism shifted its focus from Temple-based animal sacrifices to prayer, study, and good deeds (Tikkun Olam) as the primary forms of worship. For many non-Orthodox Jews (Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist), the synagogue is the modern "temple," and they do not believe sacrifices need to be reinstated at all.
2. Political and Practical Obstacles
- The Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque: The single most visible obstacle is that the site where the First and Second Temples stood is currently home to two of Islam's holiest sites: the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock shrine.
- Geopolitical Conflict: Any attempt to damage or remove these mosques to build a Jewish temple would almost certainly trigger widespread regional or even global conflict and bloodshed with the Muslim world. The secular Israeli government is not willing to risk such a catastrophic war.
- Status Quo: After Israel captured the area in the 1967 Six-Day War, control of the Temple Mount was intentionally handed to the Muslim Waqf (religious trust) to maintain a delicate status quo. Jewish religious activities (like overt prayer) on the Mount are restricted by police to avoid provocation.
While small, fringe "Temple Movements" actively prepare vessels and train priests for a future Temple, their efforts do not represent mainstream Jewish thought, which largely waits for a time of universal peace and divine instruction before proceeding.
These articles explore theological reasons and practical obstacles preventing the construction of a Third Temple in Judaism.
What about the Messianic jews, who is responsible to build the third temple? Is the third temple required for the end time fulfilment according to them? Do they have any specific location for the third temple?
For Messianic Jews, views on the
Third Temple
in 2025 are complex because they combine Jewish tradition with New Testament prophecy. Unlike traditional Jews who wait for a Messiah to build the Temple, many Messianic Jews view a future physical Temple as a sign of the "End Times" rather than a place for personal salvation.1. Who is responsible for building it?
Most Messianic Jews do not believe they are responsible for building the Temple themselves. Instead, they expect one of the following to occur:
- The "Anti-Messiah" (Antichrist): Many Messianic believers follow an eschatology where a deceptive global leader (the Anti-Messiah) facilitates the building of the Third Temple as part of a false peace treaty with Israel.
- The Jewish People: Some believe secular or Orthodox Jewish groups (like the Temple Institute) will build the Temple through human effort as they prepare for a Messiah they believe hasn't arrived yet.
- The True Messiah (Yeshua): Another view is that a literal, "Millennial Temple" will be established by Jesus himself after his second coming, as described in the book of Ezekiel.
2. Is it required for "End Time" fulfillment?
For many Messianic Jews, a physical Third Temple is a prophetic requirement but not necessarily a "holy" one.
- A "Super Sign": Its construction is seen as a major signal that the "Great Tribulation" is beginning.
- The Abomination of Desolation: According to their interpretation of the New Testament (2 Thessalonians 2:4), the Anti-Messiah must have a physical Temple to enter and proclaim himself as God.
- Spiritual vs. Physical: Many emphasize that believers' bodies are already the "True Temple" and that a physical building is legally redundant since Jesus was the final sacrifice.
3. Is there a specific location?
Yes, Messianic Jews align with the historical Jewish view that the Temple must be located on the (Mount Moriah) in the Old City of Jerusalem.
- Current Site: The exact spot is believed to be where the currently stands.
- Conflict: They acknowledge that building there is currently impossible without a major diplomatic or supernatural event that would move or replace the existing Islamic structures.
Comparison: Who Builds the Temple?
| Group | Who Builds the Temple? | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Orthodox Jews | The Messiah or divine intervention | Ultimate redemption and restoration of sacrifices. |
| Messianic Jews | Likely the "Anti-Messiah" or Jewish activists | A sign of the End Times and the approaching return of Jesus. |
To help you visualize these prophetic timelines, I can create a step-by-step chart of the "End Times" events as typically viewed by Messianic Jews. Would you like to start
In 2025, the Messianic Jewish perspective on the "End Times" is primarily Israel-centric. While details can vary between congregations, most follow a Premillennial timeline based on a literal interpretation of the Bible (specifically Daniel and Revelation).
Below is the typical step-by-step chart of events leading to what they call the "Fullness of the Kingdom."
Messianic Jewish End Times Timeline (2025 Perspective)
| Step | Event Name | Significance in Messianic Judaism | Key Scripture |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birth Pangs | Current world instability, wars, and "running to and fro" of knowledge. | Matt. 24:8 |
| 2 | The 7-Year Covenant | A global leader (Anti-Messiah) makes a treaty with Israel, initiating the "70th Week of Daniel". | Dan. 9:27 |
| 3 | The Rapture | Believers are "caught up" to meet Yeshua in the air. Note: Timing (Pre, Mid, or Post-Tribulation) is debated within the community. | 1 Thess. 4:17 |
| 4 | Rebuilding the Temple | A physical Third Temple is built in Jerusalem. Sacrifices are likely resumed by a segment of the Jewish people. | 2 Thess. 2:4 |
| 5 | Abomination of Desolation | Halfway through the 7 years (3.5 years), the Anti-Messiah breaks the treaty and desecrates the Temple. | Matt. 24:15 |
| 6 | The Great Tribulation | Also called "Jacob’s Trouble." A time of intense persecution for Israel and believers. | Jer. 30:7 |
| 7 | The Battle of Armageddon | World nations gather against Jerusalem. Israel, at the brink of destruction, finally recognizes Yeshua as Messiah. | Zech. 12:10 |
| 8 | The Second Coming | Yeshua returns as a conquering King to rescue the "remnant" of Israel and defeat the Anti-Messiah. | Rev. 19 |
| 9 | The Millennium | A literal 1,000-year reign of Yeshua on David's throne in Jerusalem. A glorious "Millennial Temple" is established. | Rev. 20:4-6 |
| 10 | Final Judgment | After the 1,000 years, the final defeat of evil and the resurrection of the dead for judgment. | Rev. 20:11-15 |
Why 2025 is a "Watch Year" for this Community
In 2025, many Messianic teachers are focusing on several specific factors:
- The Jubilee Cycle: Some believe 2025 marks the start of a final 50-year Jubilee cycle according to ancient Essene calendars.
- Feasts as Shadows: There is a strong belief that the Fall Feasts (Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot) act as rehearsals for the Second Coming. In 2025, Rosh Hashanah begins on September 22, which many will watch closely for prophetic signs.
- The Anti-Messiah's Rise: In light of current global conflicts, there is increased speculation about a "prominent world leader" who might soon facilitate the 7-year peace treaty mentioned in Step 2.
Would you like to see a comparison of how the "Jewish Messiah" in mainstream Judaism differs from the "Second Coming Messiah" in Messianic Judaism?
In 2025, the primary difference between mainstream Judaism and Messianic Judaism is not just "who" the Messiah is, but what kind of being he is and what he accomplishes during his time on Earth.
Mainstream Judaism expects a human leader who achieves success in one go, while Messianic Judaism follows the belief in a divine Savior who returns a second time to finish the work.
Comparison: The Jewish Messiah vs. The Messianic "Second Coming"
| Feature | Mainstream Jewish Messiah (Mashiach) | Messianic Jewish Messiah (Yeshua) |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | A mortal human man; not divine or a "Son of God." | Divine; the Son of God and part of the Trinity. |
| Mission | Political and national restoration of Israel. | Spiritual salvation from sin (1st coming) and global rule (2nd coming). |
| Miracles | Not required; he is judged by his actions and leadership. | Central; his resurrection is the ultimate proof of his identity. |
| Sin & Atonement | No one can die for another's sins; repentance is personal. | He died as a final sacrifice to atone for the sins of humanity. |
| The "Second Coming" | Rejected. If he dies without finishing the tasks, he is not the Messiah. | Essential. He must return to fulfill the prophecies he didn't finish the first time. |
| World Peace | Must be established immediately as proof of his arrival. | Will be established only upon his return at the Second Coming. |
Key 2025 Theological Conflict: "The Redefinition of Messiah"
In 2025, the conflict remains centered on the definition of the word Messiah itself:
- Mainstream Jewish View: The word "Messiah" simply means "Anointed One" (like a king or priest). Jews argue that Christianity "redefined" the term to mean a divine world-savior, which they view as a departure from the Hebrew Bible.
- Messianic Jewish View: They argue that the Hebrew Bible actually points to two roles: a "Suffering Servant" (Messiah ben Joseph) and a "Conquering King" (Messiah ben David). They believe Yeshua fulfilled the first role 2,000 years ago and will fulfill the second role in the future.
These guides compare the attributes of the Jewish Messiah and the Messianic "Second Coming" Messiah, highlighting theological differences regarding divinity, miracles, and atonement.
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